What does the test measure?
Enteric fever or typhoid is a life threatening disease which usually occurs due to the infection of pathogenic microorganisms, e.g. Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C. These microorganisms are transmitted to human body through food and drinks contaminated with fecal matter. During infection with these bacteria, antibodies appear in the patient’s sample, within 2 to 5 weeks. A rising titre is highly significant for the diagnosis of an active infection. These antibodies are detected in a suspected patient through a Widal test. The test uses antigens from Salmonella Typhi (H and O) and S. Paratyphi (H). When the test is done on a slide, it is known as a “slide agglutination test,” but in a test tube, it is known as a “tube agglutination test.”
Who should get tested for this test?
The doctor may suggest this test in cases where typhoid fever is suspected, such as when symptoms suggestive of enteric fever emerge, or if there’s been contact with an individual diagnosed with typhoid fever. Additionally, it’s advisable to conduct the test if there’s potential exposure to the bacteria and the presence of associated symptoms.
These symptoms include:
- High fever with head and body aches
- Red spots on the body
- Weakness and a loss of appetite
- Abdominal pain, constipation, and possibly diarrhoea
- Agitation, confusion, and, in the worst-case, hallucinations
How is it performed?
There are no special preparations required for this test, and no fasting is needed. A blood sample is taken by inserting a thin needle into a vein in the arm. This sample is subsequently sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Widal test price may vary depending on the location of the lab,
Who should get tested?
If not addressed properly, typhoid fever can cause potential health complications. If an individual shows the following symptoms, a healthcare professional may suggest this test to confirm the diagnosis:
Fever and body aches: A patient suffering from typhoid fever witnesses a significant rise in body temperature, frequently reaching temperatures of 103 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit. The fever can last for multiple days, accompanied by symptoms such as headaches and general body discomfort.
Gastrointestinal symptoms: People with typhoid fever may experience abdominal unease, pain, and sensitivity. While in initial stage, constipation is observed, but as the illness progresses, diarrhea may manifest.
Red spots on the body: The body’s trunk or other regions may display the presence of rosy-hued spots. When pressure is applied to these spots, they may fade and then reappear.
Drop in appetite and energy levels: Typhoid fever may result in a loss of appetite, resulting in weight loss. As a result, there is a feeling of weekness and patients might feel difficulty performing daily activities.
Mental Symptoms: The presence of typhoid fever can result in a decrease in appetite, potentially leading to weight loss. The patients may experience feelings of weakness, exhaustion and find it challenging to carry out their regular daily tasks.
Understanding test ranges and results:
Interpreting the results will require a thorough and precise analysis of the titer values. The following titers are considered significant for diagnosing typhoid fever: 1:20, 1:40, 1:60, 1:80, 1:160, and 1:200.
Negative Result – A negative result happens when the titer values for both O and H antigens are less than 1:160. This negative result falls within the normal range for this test.
Positive Result – A positive result is indicated when the titer values for O and H antigens range from 1:60 to 1:320. A positive test result suggests the presence of Salmonella typhi in the bloodstream.
The test serves as a quick and cost-effective method for screening typhoid infection, particularly in areas where access to medical facilities may be limited or restricted.
Disclaimer: For personalised advice and further information, always consult your doctor or qualified healthcare professional.